Article-Nutrition
Claim of Topic: Replacement of cane sugar by high fructose corn syrup contributes to obesity because it promotes increases in body fat and increases appetite.
Discussion of Topic: The popular press has promoted the theory that the rise in obesity is linked to the simultaneous increase in high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) beverage intake. The theory is that fructose intake alters hormonal patterns to favor additional body fat and increased appetite. Observational and some laboratory studies are used to bolster the theory that fructose intake favors generation of fat within the body when compared to the same calorie intake from other forms of sugar or other types or sweeteners. Although fructose is closely linked to the synthesis of fat in the body, research results are inconsistent.
The obesity epidemic is complex with HFCS being one of many factors. Here’s why:
- Average calorie intake for adults has increased steadily over the past fifty years.
- Many of the extra calories are from beverages and other products containing HFCS.
Observational data suggest that sweetened beverages, usually from HFCS, may be linked to the rise in obesity. In 2000, the intake of added sugars for the average American was two and a half times that recommended by the Dietary Guidelines, and nearly half of the added sugars came from high fructose corn syrup. Soft drink consumption has increased by more than 5-fold in the past 50 years, and soft drinks are now the leading source of refined sugars in the American diet.
Research to support a specific role for HFCS in obesity beyond its calorie contribution is limited.
Bottom Line: The link between beverages, HFCS and obesity can largely be accounted for by their contribution to calorie intake. Current research indicates that HFCS is a major source of excess calories. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that HFCS alters metabolism to uniquely promote deposition of body fat or greater food intake. More research is needed on HFCS and obesity. However, reducing intake of HFCS can help individuals reduce their calorie intake leading to improved weight management.
Opportunities for Dietetics Professionals: Dietetics professionals can play an important role in addressing the link between increased intake of HFCS beverages, intake of excess calories and obesity. The general public, individuals with or at risk for weight-related health problems, and policy makers need to be aware of the contributions of HFCS to calorie intake and obesity. However, dietetics professionals should avoid overstating any potential effects on appetite and deposition of body fat.
Resources/References:
- Wylie-Rosett J, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Segal-Isaacson A. Carbohydrates and increases in obesity: does the type of carbohydrate make a difference? Obes Res. 2004 Nov;12 Suppl 2:124S-9S.
- Bray, GA, Nielsen, SJ, Popkin, BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity Am J Clin Nutr. 2004:79,537-543
- American Dietetic Association. Use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104,255-275
- 42005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Backgrounder: 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/Backgrounder.htm
Written by Judith Wylie-Rosett, EdD, RD, of the Diabetes Care and Education dietetic practice group (January 2006
